Disclaimer: This lecture does not have any corporate or religious sponsors

Let's take a poll.... Image 1 and Image 2

A Religious Start-Up Company:

1. Global Franchises (Europe, Asia, Americas and Africa); Roman Headquarters
2. Backdrop: Colonial Expansion

1. A century and a half of turmoil, or why some decided separation of church and state is a good idea.... Map of 1555
2. Crisis in spiritual health care: How will I be saved?
3. Dominant view: faith *and* good works
4. A consequential piece of advice: "Go read St. Paul, Brother Martin"
   
   

   "For I am not ashamed of the Gospel; it is the power of God for salvation for everyone who has faith, to the Jew first and also to the Greek. For in it the righteousness of God is revealed through faith for faith; as it is written: 'The one who is righteous will live by faith'" (Romans 1:16-17)

   
   
5. Luther's Interpretation: Faith alone (Sola Fide) - God's word alone (Sola Scriptura)
6. Matrimony as the highest form of Christian Life: "Ex-Monk Marries Ex-Nun!"

[Note the difference: religious beliefs vs. social effects of these beliefs]

1. Jesuits on the forefront: "to help souls" (see Autobiography of St. Ignatius)
2. Embodying clerical celibacy but different from traditional monks
3. Traditional monks: stability, prayer, subordination to local authorities
4. Jesuits: vow of obedience to Pope, complete mobility, active ministry
5. Don't just read Paul, act like him (i.e., good works do matter, and so does free will)
6. Global reach: "The world is our house" (Jerome Nadal)
7. New military-style organization for operation under conditions of diaspora

Jesuits need new tools for their new organization. Luckily, someone helped out --

1. Re-birthing Greco-Roman culture
2. New attitude towards learning and life
3. "Studia humanitatis" (Cicero, 106 - 43 BC): How to make people better citizens
4. Emphasis on practical skills of reading and writing: rhetoric central subject
5. Individual distinction, public recognition, and self-confidence as new values
6. Clash with Christian values (humility; God's glory): Renaissance Man

1. A telling motto: "ad maioram gloriam dei" (for the greater glory of God)
2. Not formation of citizien, formation of virtuous Catholics: humanist rhetoric, humanist curricula (education as ministry)

• A cultural conversation about gender: what does it mean to be male or female?
• A common feature of three movements: empowering individual women but disempowering women as a group

Individual women feel inspired to preach, publish pamphlets and launch public complaints

Argula von Grumbach (Germany):

Martin Luther:

Only two female vocations: marriage and motherhood

[Note: When Luther encouraged interpreting the Bible according to one's conscience he obviously did not mean "anything goes"...]

Individual women feel inspired to become very educated and eloquent. They found Humanist circles and publish their work

Madeleine des Roches (France) :

"Men have all the authority/Against reason and against fairness/It is enough if I can make men see/To what point their laws commit violence upon us."

Italian (Male) Humanist: "An eloquent woman is never chaste."

No rhetorical training for women; morality, religion -- and beauty: Renaissance Woman

Individual women are inspired 'to help souls', preach and teach the gospel. "Catholic" after all means "universal".

Isabel Roser (Spain) to Pope Paul III in 1545:

Ignatius of Loyola in 1546:

Society of Jesus is the only early modern religious order that does not take women: universalism coexists with exclusionary tendencies

QUESTION FOR YOU::

Some religious views clearly benefit men socially. Hmm... That reminds me of Prof. Mailloux's definition of ideology. What do you think? When is religion an ideology? Is there a difference between religion and ideology?